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Parasite Eve^[1] is a 1998 action role-playing video game developed and published by Square. The game is a sequel to the novel Parasite Eve written by Hideaki Sena; it is also the first game in the Parasite Eve video game series. The story follows New York City police officer Aya Brea over a six-day span in 1997 as she attempts to stop the Eve, a woman who plans to destroy the human race through spontaneous human combustion. Players explore levels set in areas of New York while utilizing a pausable real-time combat system along with several role-playing game elements.

Parasite Eve was SquareSoft's first M-rated game, and the first major American and Japanese game development collaboration for the company. It was produced by Hironobu Sakaguchi and directed by Takashi Tokita. Music for the title was composed by Yoko Shimomura who was widely acclaimed for her work to create an 'inorganic' and 'emotionless' soundtrack that saw two album releases. Parasite Eve received positive reviews; critics praised the graphics and gameplay, but found the overall game too linear and with little replay potential.

The video game adaptation was part of a resurgence of popularity in Japanese horror sparked by the original book, and was released alongside a film adaptation and two manga comics; one based on the book, the other on the video game. The original title was also followed by two video game sequels: Parasite Eve II in 1999 and The 3rd Birthday in 2010, and was re-released on the PlayStation Network in 2010.

• 6Reception
• 8Footnotes

Gameplay[edit]

Parasite Eve is an action role-playing video game^[2] with survival horror elements.^[3] Movement in the 'world map' (which is a map of Manhattan) is limited to specific destinations.^[4] Upon the player walking over a 'hot spot', there's a chance of a random encounter.^[5][6] Enemies materialize and attack players on the same screen that they move Aya around on, with no battle mode or screen being used.^[7] In battle, the game uses a pausable real-time combat system with an Active Time Bar (ATB) that sets the time that must be waited till the player can take their next action.^[8][9] While waiting for her turn, the player character Aya can be moved around to dodge enemy attacks.^[7] Upon each turn, the player may choose between attacking with their equipped weapon by pressing the attack button, using PE (Parasite Energy) for defense, assistance, or attack, using items, changing weapon or armor, or escaping the battle.^[4][7][10] If the player chooses to attack, the battle briefly pauses and a dome/sphere symbolizing the range of the weapon appears, allowing the player to target an enemy within range.^[8][11] Parasite Energy recharges during battle but the more players use it, the slower it refills.^[12]

When not in battle, the player has the option of altering the weapon and armor attributes and effects with tools and super-tools, which are limited in number.^[2] The player selects the 'tune-up' option, choosing the weapon that will be altered and the weapon from which the attributes or effect will be taken.^[7] Weapons have many different properties, including special effects like 'acid', which causes enemies to continuously take damage.^[12] One of the principal RPG elements of the game is that experience-based levels are present.^[4] Each time the player's level increases, his/her attributes go up and BP (Bonus Points) are given.^[5] These points can be distributed to the ATB, item capacity, or attributes of a weapon or armor.^[5]

Once the game is completed, a new game plus mode is available called 'EX game'.^[4] It is different from the normal game in various aspects; the player has access to every item stored in the police station, the game begins with the final weapon and armor the player chose before ending the first game but returns to level one experience, and the bonus points (BP) given to the player at the end of the game are now available to use.^[6][13][14] The items, weapons, power-ups and enemies are more powerful, as are the enemies the player encounters.^[14] However, the biggest difference from the normal game is the addition of the Chrysler Building, a brand new location with 77 floors (containing mostly randomized content), leading to a final boss battle with Aya's older sister, Maya.^[5]

Plot[edit]

The story begins with Aya Brea, an NYPD rookie, attending an opera at Carnegie Hall with a blind date in New York City on Christmas Eve 1997. During the opera, everyone in the building spontaneously combusts, except for Aya, and an actress on stage named Melissa Pearce. Aya confronts Melissa onstage, and Melissa says that Aya’s mitochondria need more time to develop. She flees backstage, with Aya giving chase. Backstage, Melissa then mutates into a beast and flees into the sewers, declaring that her name is now Eve.^[16]

The next day, on Christmas, Aya and her partner, Daniel Dollis, go to see a scientist at the Museum of Natural History named Dr. Hans Klamp. He teaches the protagonists about mitochondria, but they do not find his information useful since it does not explain the previous night's events. Later that day, they hear that Eve is in Central Park, and to make matters worse, an audience has gathered at the park's theater intending to see a performance that Melissa Pearce was to give. Aya enters Central Park alone as Daniel is unable to pass through the entrance without spontaneously combusting. She makes it to the theater, but is too late to stop Eve, who causes the theater audience's mitochondria to rebel against their hosts and turns the crowd into a slimy orange mass. Aya chases after Eve and is knocked unconscious after a fight with her aboard a horse-drawn carriage. Daniel discovers that his son, Ben, was at the park, but had left the audience at the Central Park theater when he began to feel ill and when his mother began to act strange. He also learns that Manhattan is being evacuated due to the threat that Eve poses.

While Manhattan is being evacuated, a Japanese scientist named Kunihiko Maeda manages to sneak into the city, witnessing a police officer combust into flames in the process. Aya awakens in an apartment in SoHo, with Daniel and Maeda at her side. Maeda reveals the origins of Eve: A scientist tried to culture the cells of his wife after she was involved in a car accident, and the mitochondria in her cells took over her body. Maeda believes that Eve may be trying to give birth to an “Ultimate Being”. The next day, the three go to see Dr. Klamp again. After examining cell samples from that of Eve and Aya's, Maeda concludes that based on selfish gene theory, Aya and Eve's mitochondria are in an evolutionary race for survival. Dr. Klamp suddenly appears and asks a few questions of Aya in a hostile manner. The three leave and head for the St. Francis Hospital, where Maeda thinks Eve may try to get sperm for the Ultimate Being.^[17] When they arrive, they find that Eve is already there. Eve takes the sperm and escapes.

The next day, Aya sees the orange mass of people from the park enter the city water supply. She goes to Dr. Klamp one more time, and discovers that Dr. Klamp has engineered special sperm for Eve so that she can create the Ultimate Being.^[18] He then spontaneously combusts. Aya finds Eve in another part of the museum, where the orange mass has surrounded her, forming an impermeable shield to protect her while the Ultimate Being gestates within her. After several failed attempts to attack Eve, the military asks Aya to attack her from a chopper, as she is the only one who can get close without combusting. The plan works, but Aya has to personally finish the fight on a now-wrecked Statue of Liberty, where Eve finally succumbs to necrosis due to her unstable cells. As Aya rests on a naval vessel, the Ultimate Being is born and attacks the surrounding ships. Aya does battle with the Ultimate Being, but its mitochondria causes it to evolve at an alarming rate. Aya sets the vessel's boiler pressure dangerously high, so as to destroy it with the Ultimate Being on board. In the initial ending, Aya, Daniel, and Maeda attend the opera at Carnegie Hall, where Aya's mitochondrial powers allow her to resonate with the audience members, their eyes ominously glowing.

After completing the game once, the player can access the Chrysler Building and have access to the true final boss, who takes the form of Aya's sister, Maya. She explains to Aya that Klamp cultivated the liver cells of the original Eve to analyze. When Melissa was giving birth to the Ultimate Being, she created a nest there. In case Melissa and the Ultimate Being failed, the purebred would remain. Aya speaks with her sister, and they engage in battle against the purebred. After the purebred is defeated, the mitochondria inside Aya's body begin to rebel against her. It is explained that Aya's mitochondria have now reached a higher evolutionary stage than Maya’s, but Maya's personality has suddenly become dominant and begun to fight off the Eve persona. Maya eventually wins, purging the Eve persona from herself. Somehow, Maya protects Aya by preventing the original Eve from taking over her. Aya leaves the building by herself, although she apparently has gained some sort of connection with her dead sister.

Development[edit]

The video game Parasite Eve is based on the acclaimed Japanese novel Parasite Eve released in 1995. Plot-wise, the video game serves as a sequel to the book, referencing various events therein while also stating that Mariko Anzai, the girl whom Eve had chosen to become her host in the novel, is Aya's biological mother.^[19] The game was produced by Hironobu Sakaguchi and directed by Takashi Tokita of Square. During development of the game, Square decided to use New York City as the setting after having been previously considered for use in Final Fantasy VII.^[20] The game is notable for being Square's first game to be rated Mature by the ESRB. In contrast to previous Square titles, the development team for Parasite Eve consisted of both Japanese and American staff members, with a large part of the production taking place in the United States.^[21] Different concepts for the games opening were considered, including different designs for Aya and Melissa transforming into Eve on stage during the opera.^[22] Book author Hideaki Sena did not know the title's plot until it was completed, since the game was a collaboration between Square and his publisher.^[23]

Aya Brea was created by Hironobu Sakaguchi and designed by Tetsuya Nomura. Aya was originally being designed by someone else, but the original sketches did not satisfy Sakaguchi, who had wanted a long-haired character like Aerith Gainsborough, a central character from Final Fantasy VII. At the time, he was creating another unspecified character for a different project who sported short hair: he got confused while designing them and accidentally combined the two designs, creating the then-current Aya. The original concept for her was to have her as strong, sexy and 'bewitching'.^[24]

Release[edit]

Parasite Eve was released on March 29, 1998 in Japan for the Sony PlayStation.^[25] Television ads featuring the full motion video present in the game were aired in the United States in the run up to the games 1998 release.^[6] In a shipping mixup, over two hundred copies of the game were shipped to Best Buy retailers a week before the official release.^[26] The game was released in North America on September 9, 1998.

The game has sold over 1.9 million copies as of February 2004, with 1.05 million sold in Japan and 0.89 million sold in North America.^[27] In Japan, it was the number 6 top-selling game of 1998 with 994,000 copies sold.^[28][29] The game was re-released in North America under Sony's Greatest Hits label.^[30]

Before The 3rd Birthday's release in 2010, both Yoshinori Kitase and Tetsuya Nomura discussed the re-release of Parasite Eve and Parasite Eve II.^[31] The release was being held up partly due to the series rights being co-owned with Hideaki Sena.^[31] The game was later released in both Japan and North America on the PlayStation Network in 2010 and 2011 respectively.^[32][33] In 2018, the game was included in the Japanese lineup of the PlayStation Classic.^[34]

Music[edit]

Yoko Shimomura composed the game's soundtrack including the main theme, 'Primal Eyes'. The ending vocal song, 'Somnia Memorias', is performed by Shani Rigsbee. The score met with great critical acclaim, using influences from both opera and electronica. Shimomura stated that she tried to compose 'inorganic' music for the game, what she described as 'something unique' for the game.^[35] A separate Parasite Eve Remixes album was also released, containing 10 tracks remixed from the original game by various artists. The idea for the work came from a simple suggestion to Shimomura that the game's music be remixed rather than rearranged.^[35] 'Somnia Memorias' was also included on the Square Vocal Collection in 2001.^[36]

Yoko Shimomura would later become a well-established video game composer through her work on the Kingdom Hearts series.^[38] Additional arrangements were done by Shigeo Tamaru.^[39] Despite her previous work as lead composer on Super Mario RPG, Parasite Eve became her breakout project and garnered her international fame. During her work on Parasite Eve, Shimomura spent time in America, which was where much of the game's staff came from. Because of this, Shimomura remembered the game as her most challenging project.^[21] She wanted the music to be experimental, not falling into ambient or techno classifications.^[21][40] One of her main goals was to create something 'inorganic' and recognizable as a product of Square.^[41] Until Parasite Eve, Shimomura had written music in a straightforward manner that reflected her then-current state of mind, but this time she restrained herself and took a more 'emotionless' approach. She felt that this would best represent the game's atmosphere and Aya's stoic attitude. Ultimately, she felt that Parasite Eve was an experimental work in many ways.^[42] Due to its prevalence in the story, Shimomura used opera music, but as typical opera music did not translate well into battle themes, Shimomura added different rhythms: these rhythms were inspired when some of the game's American staff took her to a nightclub and she heard the background music there.^[21] The music recording took place at the Andora Studios in Los Angeles.^[43]

Parasite Eve was the first of her projects to include a vocal theme, the ending theme 'Somnia Memorias'. This was because the PlayStation system was the first to have sufficient processing power for this to be possible. For the vocalist, Shimomura avoided using someone well known.^[38] 'Somnia Memorias' was sung by Shani Rigsbee, while the vocals for the orchestrated versions of 'Influence of Deep' and 'Se il Mio Amore Sta Vincino' were provided by Judith Siirila. 'Somnia Memorias' was translated and adapted from Japanese into Latin by Raul Ferrando, while 'Se il Mio Amore Sta Vincino' was translated by Daniella Spagnolo. The lyrics for all vocal pieces were written by Shimomura. The track 'I Hear a Voice Asking Me to Awaken' was an arrangement of Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme, BWV 140 by Johann Sebastian Bach.^[43]

The two-disc album Parasite Eve Original Soundtrack was released through DigiCube on May 21, 1998 under the catalog number SSCX-10020.^[44] Later, due to popular demand from fans, a reprint was issued through the Square Enix label on January 26, 2011 under the catalog number SQEX-10222/3.^[45][46] The music received generally positive reviews from music critics, and helped establish Shimomura as a popular composer with western video game fans.^[21][46][47]

Parasite Eve Remixes is a ten-track album, featuring remixed versions of themes from Parasite Eve. The remixes were done by Shimomura, Tamaru, Hidenori Iwasaki and Keichi Takahashi. Multiple DJs also contributed, including Tomo, QUADRA, Dan K, Tribal Masters, Kay Nakayama, and Dummy Run.^[48] According to Shimomura, the album came about when someone suggested to her creating full remixes of themes rather than making simple rearrangements. Shimomura was in charge of extending and remixing 'Aya's Theme', which was the main theme for Parasite Eve.^[41] The album was released through DigiCube on July 30, 1998 under the catalog number SSCX-10023.^[48] Reviews of the album were mixed, with critics saying that it would not appeal to many and finding some of the remixes odd, repetitive or overly chaotic.^[49][50]

Reception[edit]

Parasite Eve received 'generally favorable' reviews, according to review aggregatorMetacritic.^[51]IGN praised the game for its beautiful graphics and cinematic sequences, as well as its mature tone, but noted, along with other reviewers, the game's linear plot structure.^[4][9]Game Informer cited the games 'exquisite' backdrops but bemoaned its long load times each time players enter a new environment or engage an enemy.^[7]GameSpot said the game had a cinematic look, and had an 'astounding' level of detail for real life locations in New York City.^[12] The lack of any voice acting or singing, however, hindered dramatic scenes such as the opera and subsequent mass combustion of the entire audience at the game's start.^[4][12]

The game was sometimes compared to the Resident Evil series, though GamePro said that Parasite Eve had deeper gameplay with multiple weapon upgrades and hidden areas to discover.^[9][10][12] Reviewers also cited that though the game broke many RPG gaming conventions, it suffered from having little replay value and being a relatively short game.^[9][10] The combat was compared unfavorably to Final Fantasy VII by Game Revolution, which featured a dynamic camera instead of fixed one.^[4] The novel's original author Hideaki Sena approved of the game, stating that he was 'actually impressed how well the game makers translated the novel.'^[59]

In 2000, the game was ranked number 16 by the readers of Famitsu magazine in its top 100 PlayStation games of all time.^[60] In 2010, GamesRadar chose it as one of the 'Top 7.. '90s games that need HD remakes'.^[61] In February 2011, Parasite Eve was announced to arrive on the North American PlayStation Network. It was released on March 15, 2011.^[62]

Legacy[edit]

The Parasite Eve video game that was inspired by the original book was popular in Japan, and was a part of the 'J-horror' phenomena along with other fiction such as The Ring, and lead to two video game sequels and a manga adaptation based upon the video game universe called Parasite Eve DIVA.^[23][63]

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See also[edit]

Footnotes[edit]

1. ^Parasite Eve (パラサイト・イヴParasaito Ivu)
2. ^ ^abRidgeley, Sean (2011-03-15). 'Parasite Eve released on PlayStation Network'. Neoseeker. New Era Media. Archived from the original on 2011-04-20. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
3. ^Tieryas, Peter. 'Parasite Eve Had More In Common With Final Fantasy Than Horror Games'. Kotaku. Retrieved 2018-03-18.
4. ^ ^abcdefghBaldric (September 1998). 'Parasite Eve'. Game Revolution. Crave Online Media. Archived from the original on 2008-05-12. Retrieved 2013-12-11.
5. ^ ^abcdGlick, Brian (2008-01-01). 'Parasite Eve - Review'. RPGamer. Archived from the original on 2016-06-05. Retrieved 2016-05-07.
6. ^ ^abcStone, Cortney (2007-01-01). 'Parasite Eve - Retroview'. RPGamer. Archived from the original on 2016-06-05. Retrieved 2016-05-07.
7. ^ ^abcdefAndy, Jon, Reiner (September 1998). 'Parasite Eve - PlayStation - Review'. Game Informer. Game Stop. Archived from the original on 1999-09-12. Retrieved 2013-12-11.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
8. ^ ^abDutka, Ben (2011-02-28). 'Vagrant Story Spins A Tale On US PSN'. PSX Extreme. Archived from the original on 2011-03-02. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
9. ^ ^abcdeNelson, Randy (1998-09-14). 'Parasite Eve'. IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on 2013-12-11. Retrieved 2013-12-11.
10. ^ ^abcdScary Larry (1998). 'Parasite Eve Review for PlayStation'. GamePro. IDG. Archived from the original on 2005-01-13. Retrieved 2013-12-11.
11. ^Parish, Jeremy (2006-03-18). 'Retronauts: Volume 4 - Yasumi Matsuno'. 1UP.com. IGN. Archived from the original on 2013-01-21. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
12. ^ ^abcdefKasavin, Greg (1998-04-28). 'Parasite Eve Review'. GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 2015-02-15. Retrieved 2013-12-11.
13. ^Beckett, Michael (2008-01-01). 'The Parasite That Stole Christmas'. RPGamer. Archived from the original on 2016-06-05. Retrieved 2016-05-07.
14. ^ ^abBishop, Stewart (2008-01-01). 'Kiddies, This Ain't Your Regular P.E. Class'. RPGamer. Archived from the original on 2016-06-05. Retrieved 2016-05-07.
15. ^Agnello, Anthony John (2015-12-18). 'Parasite Eve bottles the eerie feeling of not celebrating Christmas'. The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on 2016-05-11. Retrieved 2016-05-08.
16. ^Melissa: Melissa: ‘I'm Melissa.. No.. I am.. I'm.. I am EVE! (Square Co (1998-03-29). Parasite Eve II. PlayStation. Square EA.)
17. ^Maeda: There's a sperm bank around here? / Daniel: A sperm bank? /Maeda: I don't think Eve's body will last much longer. Right now, the mitochondria are just parasites in her body. /Daniel: So she is trying to create this ultimate being, like she did in Japan. /Maeda: I'm afraid so. Square Co (1998-03-29). Parasite Eve II. PlayStation. Square EA.
18. ^Klamp: The mitochondria is passed from the mother, but you see, traces of the father can also be found un minute quantities. According to Eve, her sister in Japan was unable to attain her ultimate goal because the father side of the mitochondria caused a rebellion. For Eve to succeed this time, I created sperm without the male mitochondria DNA Square Co (1998-03-29). Parasite Eve II. PlayStation. Square EA.
19. ^Watts, Steve (2014-08-14). 'Novel Approach: Video games based on books'. Shacknews. Gamerhub. Archived from the original on 2016-04-28. Retrieved 2016-04-26.
20. ^Patterson, Shane (2008-11-21). 'The Surprising Origins of Your Favorite Games'. GamesRadar. Future plc. Archived from the original on 2016-08-11. Retrieved 2016-04-26.
21. ^ ^abcdeParish, Jeremy (2009-10-23). 'The Ballad of Aya and Yoko'. 1UP.com. Archived from the original on 2016-02-28. Retrieved 2016-02-28.
22. ^Spencer (2012-01-02). 'Parasite Eve Storyboards Slip Out'. Siliconera. Curse Media. Archived from the original on 2014-04-13. Retrieved 2014-04-24.
23. ^ ^abLynch, Lisa (2001-09-05). 'Tech Flesh 4: Mitochodrial Combustion at Club Parasite, An Interview With Hideaki Sena'. CT Theory. Archived from the original on 2016-05-07. Retrieved 2016-05-01.
24. ^'『ザ・サード バースデイ』開発者インタビュー【その3】――衝撃のラスト。キーワードは.. ..'Famitsu. 2010-12-24. Archived from the original on 2014-09-11. Retrieved 2014-09-09.
25. ^'パラサイト・イヴ [PS] / ファミ通.com'. www.famitsu.com. Retrieved 2018-11-15.
26. ^IGN Staff (1998-09-03). 'Parasite Eve Sneaks Out Early'. IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on 2016-06-04. Retrieved 2016-05-07.
27. ^'February 2, 2004-February 4, 2004'(PDF). Square-Enix. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2012-02-13. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
28. ^'1998年ゲームソフト年間売上TOP100' [1998 Game Software Annual Sales Top 100]. Famitsū Gēmu Hakusho 1999ファミ通ゲーム白書1999 [Famitsu Game Whitebook 1999] (in Japanese). Tokyo: Enterbrain. 1999. Archived from the original on 2009-05-07.
29. ^'The Magic Box - 1998 Top 30 Best Selling Japanese Console Games'. The-MagicBox.com. Archived from the original on 2009-01-26. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
30. ^IGN Staff (January 9, 2002). 'PlayStation Greatest Hits: Complete List'. IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on March 10, 2013. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
31. ^ ^abJohnny Cullen (2010-08-24). 'Parasite Eve 1, 2 PSN releases being looked at, says Kitase and Nomura'. VG 24/7. Archived from the original on 2016-09-17. Retrieved 2016-05-01.
32. ^'『パラサイト・イヴ』、『パラサイト・イヴII』がゲームアーカイブスに - ファミ通.com'. www.famitsu.com (in Japanese). Retrieved 2018-11-15.
33. ^Moriarty, Colin (2011-03-14). 'Parasite Eve Coming to the PSN'. IGN. Retrieved 2018-11-15.
34. ^'PSクラシックの20タイトル、画面写真全部見せます！ 『アーマード・コア』や『パラサイト・イヴ』、『闘神伝』など概要付きで一挙紹介'. Famitsu (in Japanese). Retrieved 2018-11-15.
35. ^ ^abRocketBaby (2002). 'RocketBaby's interview with Yoko Shimomura'. RocketBaby.net. Archived from the original on 2008-03-21. Retrieved 2009-04-14.
36. ^Ersatz Sobriquet. 'Square Vocal Collection'. RPGamers.net. Archived from the original on 2012-04-22. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
37. ^'クリエーターインタビュー【4】『The 3rd Birthday（ザ・サード・バースデイ）』' (in Japanese). Famitsu. 2007-10-22. Archived from the original on 2014-04-27. Retrieved 2015-04-08.
38. ^ ^abcJeriaska (2009-08-31). 'Interview: Magical Planet – The Music of Hiroki Kikuta & Yoko Shimomura'. Gamasutra. Archived from the original on 2015-10-17. Retrieved 2009-10-09.
39. ^Square. 'Parasite Eve II Original Soundtrack liner notes.' Tokyopop. 2000-09-12 TPCD-0200-2 ScansArchived 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2016-02-29.
40. ^Schweitzer, Ben (2011-01-26). 'Parasite Eve II Liner Notes'. Video Game Music Online. Archived from the original on 2015-05-02. Retrieved 2016-02-29.
41. ^ ^ab'RocketBaby's interview with Yoko Shimomura'. RocketBaby.net. 2002. Archived from the original on 2002-12-05. Retrieved 2009-04-14.
42. ^Schweitzer, Ben (2011-01-26). 'Parasite Eve Original Soundtrack Liner Notes'. Video Game Music Online. Archived from the original on 2015-05-03. Retrieved 2016-02-28.
43. ^ ^abSquare Enix. 'Parasite Eve Original Soundtrack liner notes.' (in Japanese) DigiCube. 1998-05-21 SSCX-10020 ScansArchived 2015-04-19 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2016-02-28.
44. ^'Parasite Eve Original Soundtrack'. Game-OST. Archived from the original on 2015-04-19. Retrieved 2016-02-28.
45. ^「パラサイト・イヴ」「パラサイト・イヴ II」，両作のサントラCDが復刻 (in Japanese). 4Gamer.net. 2010-11-19. Archived from the original on 2015-08-04. Retrieved 2016-02-28.
46. ^ ^abRzeminski, Lucy (2001-03-23). 'Parasite Eve OST Review'. RPGFan. Archived from the original on 2015-09-20. Retrieved 2016-02-28.
47. ^Greening, Chris (2012-08-01). 'Parasite Eve Official Soundtrack Review'. Video Game Music Online. Archived from the original on 2016-02-28. Retrieved 2016-02-28.
48. ^ ^ab'Parasite Eve Remixes'. Game-OST. Archived from the original on 2015-04-19. Retrieved 2016-02-29.
49. ^Gann, Patrick (2000-06-23). 'Parasite Eve Remixes Review'. RPGFan. Archived from the original on 2016-02-29. Retrieved 2016-02-29.
50. ^Greening, Chris (2012-08-01). 'Parasite Eve Remixes Review'. Video Game Music Online. Archived from the original on 2016-02-29. Retrieved 2016-02-29.
51. ^ ^ab'Parasite Eve for PlayStation Reviews'. Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 2011-04-12. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
52. ^Romero, Joshua. 'Parasite Eve - Overview'. Allgame. All Media Network. Archived from the original on 2014-11-14. Retrieved 2013-12-11.
53. ^Edge staff (November 1998). 'Parasite Eve'. Edge. Future plc (64).
54. ^'Parasite Eve'. Electronic Gaming Monthly. EGM Media. 1998.
55. ^Chinn, Marty (2000-06-23). 'Famitsu Top 120 PlayStation games'. Gaming-Age.com. Archived from the original on 2011-06-05. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
56. ^'Finals'. Next Generation. No. 45. Imagine Media. September 1998. p. 126-127.
57. ^'Parasite Eve'. Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine. Ziff Davis. March 20, 1999.
58. ^'Review: Parasite Eve'. PSM. Future US. 2002-06-14.
59. ^Kalat 2007, p. 169.
60. ^IGN Staff (November 20, 2000). 'Famitsu Weekly PlayStation Top 100'. IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on May 10, 2015. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
61. ^GamesRadar US. 'The Top 7.. '90s games that need HD remakes'. GamesRadar. Future plc. Archived from the original on 2013-12-22.
62. ^Spencer, ed. (2011-02-25). 'Parasite Eve Infecting PlayStation Network In North America'. Siliconera. Curse Media. Archived from the original on 2016-05-02. Retrieved 2016-04-26.
63. ^'Parasite Eve By Hideaki Sena'. Vertical Inc. 2004-01-01. Archived from the original on 2016-04-30. Retrieved 2016-05-01.

References[edit]

• Kalat, David (2007). J-horror: The Definitive Guide to The Ring, The Grudge and Beyond. Vertical. ISBN193223408X.

External links[edit]

• Parasite Eve at MobyGames
• Parasite Eve (video game) at MusicBrainz (list of releases)
• Parasite Eve remixes at MusicBrainz (list of releases)

Parasyte (Japanese: 寄生獣Hepburn: Kiseijū, lit. 'Parasitic Beasts') is a science fictionhorrormanga series written and illustrated by Hitoshi Iwaaki and published in Kodansha's Afternoon magazine from 1988 to 1995. The manga was published in North America by first Tokyopop, then Del Rey, and finally Kodansha Comics. The manga has been adapted into two live-action films in Japan in 2014 and 2015. An anime television series adaptation by Madhouse, titled Parasyte -the maxim- (寄生獣 セイの格率Kiseijū Sei no Kakuritsu), aired in Japan between October 2014 and March 2015.^[4] The English-language dub aired on Adult Swim's Toonami block in America between October 2015 and April 2016.

• 2Characters
• 4Media

Plot[edit]

Parasyte centers on a male 17-year-old high school student named Shinichi Izumi, who lives with his mother and father in a quiet neighborhood in Tokyo, Japan. One night, strange worm-like creatures with drills as a 'head' called Parasytes appear on Earth, taking over the brains of human hosts by entering through their ears or noses. One Parasite attempts to crawl into Shinichi's nose while he sleeps, but fails as Shinichi wakes up, and enters his body by burrowing into his arm instead. In the Japanese version, it takes over his right hand and is named Migi (ミギー), after the Japanese word for 'right'; Tokyopop's 1990s English version, in which the images are flipped horizontally, has the Parasite take over Shinichi's left hand and it is named Lefty.

Because Shinichi was able to prevent Migi from travelling further up into his brain, both beings retain their separate intellect and personality. As the duo encounter other Parasites, they capitalize on their strange situation and gradually form a strong bond, working together to survive. This gives them an edge in battling other Parasites who frequently attack the pair upon realization that Shinichi's human brain is still intact. Shinichi feels compelled to fight other Parasites, who devour humans as food, while enlisting Migi's help.

Characters[edit]

Main characters[edit]

Shinichi Izumi (泉 新一Izumi Shin'ichi)

Voiced by: Nobunaga Shimazaki (Japanese); Adam Gibbs^[5] (English)

Shinichi is the protagonist of the manga, a thoughtful, compassionate high-school boy whose hand is infected with a Parasite and is repeatedly put into difficult positions. He must find a way to peacefully coexist with Migi, the Parasite which has taken over his hand, and reconcile his desire to protect humanity from the Parasites with his desire to keep his own Parasite a secret in order to avoid being killed or used as a laboratory specimen. Like a superhero with a secret identity, he must also find a way to explain away his Parasite-fighting activities, as well as the stress and grief they cause him, to his friends and family. While originally forced to have Migi fight for him, Shinichi later gains heightened abilities when trace cells of the Parasite course through his body, and fights his own battles, with the two having an advantage in both being able to act independently and work as a team. Shinichi's retention of his humanity, despite gradually becoming emotionally distant as a side-effect of Migi's cells, makes most of the other Parasites deem him a threat. After defeating Gotou, with Migi deciding to 'go to sleep' indefinitely afterward, Shinichi attempts to live a normal life again while having an understanding of natural order from his experience.

Masanori Harada, a 20-year-old student, wrote to the editor of the Monthly Afternoon noted that Shinichi acts calm when he is threatened and that he is 'not human anymore!' Iwaaki responded, stating that Shinichi is accustomed to 'close calls' partly because Migi calms Shinichi down during battle. The statement and response were printed in the April 1993 Afternoon.^[6]

Shinichi is portrayed by Shota Sometani in the film.

Migi (ミギーMigī, also called 'Righty')

Voiced by: Aya Hirano (voice), Rinka^[7] (sound effect) (Japanese); Brittney Karbowski^[5] (English)

Migi is the Parasite which lives in Shinichi's right hand, named after the Japanese word for 'right' (右migi). Unlike 'successful' Parasites, Migi has no desire to kill humans for sustenance, and is nourished by the food Shinichi eats. Migi is, like other Parasites, completely without emotion. His primary consideration is survival, and he has threatened (and in some cases attempted) to kill other humans who pose a threat to his and Shinichi's secrecy. When he and Shinichi were first coming to terms, he even threatened to remove Shinichi's other limbs in order to render him unable to place the two of them in danger. Migi can be reasoned with, however, and has just as much reason to be mistrustful of other Parasites as does Shinichi. On the other hand, unlike Shinichi, Migi has no inclination to place himself at risk in order to protect other humans from Parasites. But Migi gradually evolves over the course of the series, he becomes more human while able to temporarily separate from Shinichi's body. After the final battle with Gotou, having been absorbed by the Parasite prior to his defeat, Migi's composition is greatly altered to the point that enters a deep sleep though he briefly woke up to save Satomi without Shinichi's realization.

Iwaaki explained that while Migi appears to be Shinichi's weapon, in fact Migi is in control of the battle and orders around Shinichi. Iwaaki explained that Migi is easily able to order Shinichi since Shinichi is young and 'needs guidance', while Migi would find difficulty if he became a part of a politician or a president of a company since in that scenario Migi and his host would argue a lot.^[6]

An 18-year-old from Saitama Prefecture named 'Midari' asked in the letters to the editor that if Migi took Shinichi's left hand, if he would have been named 'Hidari'. Iwaaki answered that it would be Hidari, but Iwaaki felt that the name would be similar to those of Bokuzen Hidari or Tenpei Hidari and the name would 'bring to mind a doddering old man, so that wouldn't have been a good idea'. Iwaaki then said that the first man to climbMount Everest 'had a name an awful lot like that..'^[8]

Migi is voiced by Sadao Abe in the film.

Humans[edit]

Satomi Murano (村野 里美Murano Satomi)

Voiced by: Kana Hanazawa (Japanese); Luci Christian^[5] (English)

Shinichi's best friend and love interest. She is a thoughtful, tender-hearted young girl who cares deeply for her friends. While Satomi and Shinichi are mutually attracted towards one another, their relationship is strained to the breaking point when Shinichi’s life is thrown in turmoil by the Parasites.

From the moment she is introduced, Satomi is depicted as being romantically attracted towards Shinichi due to his kind and sensitive nature. Consequently, she is utterly grief-stricken as she watches him grow ever more cold and withdrawn over the course of the story. Despite her best efforts to find out the reason behind Shinichi’s behavior, Satomi becomes increasingly estranged from him as he desperately strives to keep her in the dark about Migi and the Parasite threat. As a result, she begins to question whether any trace of the gentle, caring boy she originally fell in love with remains. After losing nearly all hope, Satomi’s faith in Shinichi is completely restored upon witnessing him crying freely while protectively cradling Reiko’s orphaned baby in his arms. Upon learning that Shinichi is part Parasite at the end of the series, Satomi firmly proclaims this does nothing to diminish his humanity because he still regards all life as precious.

Satomi is played by Ai Hashimoto in the film.

Kana Kimishima (君嶋 加奈Kimishima Kana)

Voiced by: Miyuki Sawashiro (Japanese); Maggie Flecknoe (English)

Kana is a disobedient 'bad girl' who develops a crush on Shinichi. She is attracted to him because of his sensitive personality, and because she can sense something 'different' about him. In reality, Kana has the inexplicable psychic ability to sense Parasites. However, her senses are not as fine tuned as those of the Parasites themselves. Kana mistakes this sense as a psychic connection to Shinichi; foolishly believing it was fate leading her to her true love. This ability is eventually what leads to her death when she is told about the Parasites, and a total breakdown of Shinichi for a good volume or so, until he recovers from it; the after effects of this led to estranging him from his friends and get police to keep an eye on him, all of which last until near the final volume.

Yuko Tachikawa (立川 裕子Tachikawa Yūko)

Voiced by: Kiyono Yasuno (Japanese); Terri Doty^[5] (English)

One of Satomi's two best friends. Her brother works as a criminal profiling illustrator for the police department. Due to her seeing her brother's sketches of Parasites and her crush on Hideo Shimada, she ended up at the center of a highly dangerous situation.

Akiho Suzuki (鈴木 アキホSuzuki Akiho)

Voiced by: Rena Maeda (Japanese); Hilary Haag (English)

The other of Satomi's two best friends, who has a minor crush on Shinichi.

Uragami (浦上)

Voiced by: Hiroyuki Yoshino (Japanese); Andrew Love^[5] (English)

A cannibalistic serial killer who has the ability to distinguish between humans and Parasites, believing himself to be the definition of human nature and able to point out a killer. He is brought in by the military to help them in their operation to exterminate the Parasites in East Fukuyama City, but escapes when the military unit is slaughtered by Gotou. He returns at the end of the series, taking Satomi hostage to confront Shinichi to see if he has the same world views as he does.

Uragami is played by Hirofumi Arai in the film.

Kazuyuki Izumi (泉 一之Izumi Kazuyuki)

Voiced by: Masaki Aizawa (Japanese); Rob Mungle^[5] (English)

Kazuyuki is Shinichi's father. Shortly after his wife was killed by a Parasite, he had some suspicions as to whether or not Shinichi was infected (although he never said so outright).

Nobuko Izumi (泉 信子Izumi Nobuko)

Voiced by: Chieko Sasai (Japanese); Allison Sumrall^[5] (English)

Nobuko is Shinichi's mother, expressing concern over her son's strange behavior. She dies early on when she is decapitated by a Parasite that needed a compatible body to transfer to when her male replacement body started to reject her. As the Parasite assumed Nobuko's appearance, Shinichi let himself open and got himself nearly killed in the initial encounter. But Shinichi later manages to avenge his mother's death and kills the Parasite with Uda's help.

Nobuko is played by Kimiko Yo in the film.

Parasite Game Level 10 Cheats

Kazuki Nagai (長井 和輝Nagai Kazuki)

Voiced by: Shinya Hamazoe (Japanese); Houston Hayes (English)

One of Shinichi's classmates at high school. He had a crush on Murano and therefore was jealous of Shinichi, beating him up outside the gym in the anime. After Shinichi intervened while he was being jumped by Mitsuo's gang, he's changed his demeanor. Nagai is quick to jump into situations as seen when he got in Shimada's face for confronting Shinichi. The scene where Nagai assaults Shinichi after gym class, originally involved a character called Kotani. Due to Kotani being omitted from the Parasyte -the maxim- anime series, the scene was transferred to Nagai.

Mitsuo (光夫)

Voiced by: KENN (Japanese); Scott Gibbs (English)

A student from Kana's school and possibly her ex-boyfriend, he is jealous of her crush on Shinichi.

Makiko Hayase (早瀬 真樹子Hayase Makiko)

Voiced by: Yū Serizawa (Japanese); Margaret McDonald (English)

Makiko is a young schoolgirl who lives with her parents, grandfather, and younger brother in the small town where Shinichi's father is hospitalized. Her family owns a hotel in the town where Shinichi stays for a few days, in order to be near his father. It is shown that she develops a crush on Shinichi during his stay.

Mamoru Uda (宇田 守Uda Mamoru)

Voiced by: Takuma Suzuki (Japanese); Mark X. Laskowski (English)

Uda is, like Shinichi, a human who had a Parasite merged with a part of his body other than his brain. In Uda's case, the Parasite took over the lower part of his head and face, most notably his jaw. Uda's Parasite originally does not have a name, but is later renamed Joe (ジョーJō, after the English word 'jaw') (Voiced by: Ayumu Murase (Japanese); Greg Ayres (English)). It is brash and crude, seemingly having a sense of humor, and often assumes control of Uda's mouth, distorting it into odd shapes and forcing Uda to say strange or inappropriate things. The pair befriend Shinichi and Migi, but preferring to simply avoid Parasites. Because Uda is slightly overweight and his Parasite is located in the jaw area, fights with other Parasites tend to leave him out of breath. However, because it is located in the lower part of the head, his Parasite can extend itself downward into his chest, protecting his heart (a primary target for hostile Parasites). Uda is a peaceful, easygoing man, but is shown to be nervous under pressure and highly emotional, often crying easily. He works as a hotel employee.

Shiro Kuramori (倉森 志郎Kuramori Shirō)

Voiced by: Issei Futamata (Japanese); Jay Hickman (English)

A private investigator hired by Reiko to spy on Shinichi and caught by Migi when he takes picture of them. When his assistant Taro goes missing, Shiro asks Shinichi to find him, and ends up recording a fight between Shinichi and a Parasite. Later his family is killed by Parasites, and in a frenzy of grief he kidnaps Reiko's infant son, leading to a critical confrontation at a park.

Takeshi Hirokawa (広川 剛志Hirokawa Takeshi)

Voiced by: Yū Mizushima (Japanese); John Gremillion (English)

The ringleader of a Parasite conspiracy to conquer humanity and the story's main antagonist alongside Reiko Tamura. A fanatical environmentalist, he firmly believes the Parasites' purpose is to cull the human population for the greater good of the planet.

Mid-way through the series, Takeshi Hirokawa is elected mayor of East Fukuyama City, a small municipality close to Shinichi's hometown. Subsequently, he uses his authority to set up safehouses where the Parasites can safely kill and eat their victims in secret. After Shinichi and Migi disrupt the operation of one of these facilities, Hirokawa targets them for elimination. Eventually, he and most of the Parasites comprising his organization are killed by a police taskforce once their plans are uncovered by the authorities.

Hirama (平間)

Voiced by: Takuma Suzuki (Japanese); George Manley (English)

A veteran detective who first suspected Shinichi for Kana's death.

Yamagishi (山岸)

Voiced by: Rikiya Koyama (Japanese); Josh Morrison (English)

A police officer assigned to the Parasyte Extermination Squad, who is eventually beheaded by Gotou.

Mitsuyo (美津代)

Voiced by: Seiko Fujiki (Japanese); Vicki Barosh (English)

An old woman who gave shelter to Shinichi after his fight with Gotou in the forest. After staying for a while, he left to have the final confrontation with Gotou.

Parasites[edit]

The antagonists of the series. The Parasites are creatures of unknown origin which start off as worm-like creatures that instinctively enter the body of the nearest life form and travel to the brain to completely assimilate it while destroying the host's identity in the process. From there, using the vital organs of the host bodies to survive, the Parasites would be driven with a need to kill humans and Parasites with failed host bodies. After assimilating their host, Parasites exhibit a variety of abilities that make them dangerous adversaries: the immediate area around their entry site (typically the head) is morphed into a versatile 'parasite tissue' which can take a variety of offensive and defensive forms, and a parasite that successfully takes over a host's brain can then maximize the physical potential of that host. In general, Parasite intelligence is comparable to humans, though their thought process is strictly rational and cold, with very little emotion. They are also capable of learning extremely quickly depending on their environment - Migi, for example, mastered Japanese after one night of reading books on the subject. While most Parasites initially acted alone, causing a chain of multiple grisly deaths coined the 'mincemeat murders', they eventually form groups for safety in numbers. By the time of the final chapter, Shinichi speculating that they might have been created as an evolutionary countermeasure to humans, the surviving Parasites are assumed to have gone into hiding and adopt themselves further into human society to keep their activities to a minimum.

Reiko Tamura (田村 玲子Tamura Reiko)

Voiced by: Atsuko Tanaka (Japanese); Joanne Bonasso (English)

An extremely intelligent, ruthless Parasite and the series' main antagonist alongside Takeshi Hirokawa. She originally infected and took on the identity of a woman named Ryōko Tamiya (田宮 良子Tamiya Ryōko), one of Shinichi's high school teachers while suggesting a beneficial ceasefire. Unlike most of her kind, she is motivated by scientific inclinations with a drive to understand her kind's biology, origin, and purpose. She learned that she is pregnant with a normal human infant as a consequence of being impregnated by Mr. A, deeming it interesting while forced to quit to avoid unwanted attention resulting from it. Though she intended to kill Shinichi soon after, she lets him and Migi live unmolested largely because she finds them an interesting anomaly worthy of study. After killing off Ryōko's parents when they saw through her, the Parasite alters her face and creates the identity of 'Reiko Tamura' while aligning herself with Takeshi Hirokawa. She eventually gives birth to Mr. A's baby and later kills three of her fellow Parasites when they deemed her actions with a hired detective a threat to their plans. It was after Reiko killed the maddened detective to save her child that she allowed the police to brutally gun her down in a park instead of trying to resist or escape. The baby survives because of her protection and decision not to fight back against or run away from the police.

Tamura is portrayed by Eri Fukatsu in the film.

Mr. B (B)

Voiced by: Tōru Nara (Japanese); Mike Yager (English)

A Parasite who attacks Shinichi and tries to coerce Migi into relocating to his arm in order to extend his own lifespan. To his surprise, Migi kills him on the pretense that relocation is too risky to try.

Mr. A (AĒ)

Voiced by: Makoto Yasumura (Japanese); David Wald (English)

An highly aggressive Parasite formerly aligned with Reiko Tamura. When first introduced, he (or rather, his host body) fathers a child with Reiko as part of the latter's experiment. Described by Migi as 'not one of our smart ones' and called a fool by Reiko, Mr. A is extremely impulsive and animalistic. He has little capacity for caution or forethought as evidenced when he butchers several people in the presence of witnesses without hesitation. Shinichi is forced to battle Mr. A when he attempts to hunt Shinichi down and kill him at school. Though Shinichi and Migi mortally wound him, they are forced to flee before they can kill him. Mr. A attempts to find Reiko to transfer himself to her body and survive, but she rigs the room to explode to completely destroy him to preserve her human cover.

Hideo Shimada (島田 秀雄Shimada Hideo)

Voiced by: Akira Ishida (Japanese); Blake Shepard (English)

Hideo is a Parasite with the body of a young man Shinichi's age. On Reiko's suggestion, he enrolls in Shinichi's high school to monitor his activities. While one of the more pragmatic members of his species, he has no qualms feeding on humans or otherwise killing them should they annoy or potentially threaten his cover. Ultimately, his paranoid and violent nature lead him to become a major threat to Shinichi's loved ones.

When first introduced, Hideo Shimada is seen entertaining Reiko's request to monitor Shinichi so they can confirm he poses no threat to their kind. Subsequently, Hideo enrolls in Shinichi's high school and expresses a desire to become friends with Shinichi, who does not trust him. Despite professing a desire to integrate into human society, he has no problem killing bullies who try to start fights with him, and continues to hunt humans on a regular basis. When Yuko uncovered his secret and confronts him about it, Hideo ends up being exposed to paint-thinner during the confrontation as Yuko manages to escape. The paint-thinner's chemical make-up disrupts Hideo's Parasite cells, causing him to go on an involuntary killing spree across the school. He is killed after he escapes to the roof, when Shinichi, using Migi to enhance his right arm's strength, throws a well-aimed stone through his chest, destroying his heart.

Shimada is played by Masahiro Higashide in the film.

Gotou (後藤Gotō)

Voiced by: Kazuhiko Inoue (Japanese); Jason Douglas (English)

The strongest Parasite in the series and a major antagonist. His host body contains 4 additional Parasites that are completely under his control. Since most of his body mass is parasite tissue, he can achieve feats of strength and agility far in excess of normal parasites and render nearly every inch of his skin impervious to gunfire and edged weapons. Despite being one of the more intelligent of his kind, Gotou is also one of the most bloodthirsty. Whereas most Parasites kill humans to feed or eliminate threats, he often hunts them sheerly for sport. Nonetheless, Gotou does possess his own peculiar code of honor as seen when he commends opponents for getting past his defenses and takes it upon himself to avenge the slaughter of his comrades at East Fukuyama's city hall. The name 'Gotō' is a pun as one of the kanji is synonymous with the kanji for five (五go), a reference to how 5 Parasites inhabit his host.^[9]

Gotou is introduced as the chief enforcer of a Parasite syndicate led by Takeshi Hirokawa. After Shinichi and Migi attack one of the organization's 'dining areas', Gotou is tasked with eliminating them. During their first confrontation, he easily overwhelms the two but they manage to withstand his attacks long enough to escape. Later, when the syndicate is destroyed in an SAT operation, Gotou singlehandedly wipes out the attacking police force before once again targeting Shinichi and Migi. In their ensuing rematch, Gotou absorbs Migi after the latter sacrifices himself so Shinichi can retreat. During the story’s climax, Shinichi poisons him by managing to stab one of his few vulnerable areas with a pipe contaminated by toxins. As a result, Gotou loses control of the other Parasites within his body thereby enabling Migi to break free and help Shinichi finally defeat him.

Miki (三木, lit. Three trees)

Voiced by: Daisuke Namikawa (Japanese); Xero Reynolds (English)

One of the Parasites that composes Gotou's body. Similar to 'Migi', Miki's default position in the body is the right arm. His name has an additional meaning, which means 'Three trees', referencing how he is only able to manipulate 3 Parasites in the body (including himself) when he takes the head position. Unlike other Parasites, Miki has learned to show emotions just like humans.^[9] His body is composed of five Parasites, one in each of his arms and legs and another in his head, they can apparently swap their places in the body but only two of them are able to unify the five and make them fight as a single being.

Kusano (草野)

Voiced by: Takaya Aoyagi (Japanese); Kalob Martinez (English)

A Parasite that allied himself with Reiko Tamura along with two others named 'Hikawa' and 'Maesawa.' He later grows distrustful of Reiko Tamura when she argues against the notion of killing Shinichi despite the threat he poses to them. As Kusano's doubts about Reiko increase, he attempts to assassinate her with help from Maesawa and Hikawa. But his underestimation of Reiko's abilities results in the death of himself and his conspirators.

Names in Tokyopop publication[edit]

In the Tokyopop publication the main character's name was Shin and his hand was called 'Lefty', as the image had been flipped to read left to right.^[10] Satomi Murano is Sara. Jaw, Uda's Parasite, is referred to as Jaws, in reference to the film Jaws by Steven Spielberg. Reiko is known as Tamara Rockford in the Tokyopop version.^[11] Gotō's name was written without a macron.

Development[edit]

Iwaaki chose a high school setting due to a scene he had thought of. When considering a scene where Migi turns his shape into a penis in front of Satomi Murano, Iwaaki believed that the scene would work best in a high school setting, so Iwaaki gave Parasyte a high school setting.^[12]

Media[edit]

Manga[edit]

Parasyte was originally serialized in Japan in the Morning Open Zōkan^[13] from 1988 and switched to Afternoon after a few issues in 1990.^[13] It was collected into ten tankōbon volumes by Kodansha, and was later republished in eight kanzenban volumes. It was originally licensed for English translation and North American distribution by Tokyopop, which published the series over 12 volumes. The Tokyopop version ran in Mixxzine.^{[citation needed]} Daily pages from the Tokyopop version ran in the Japanimation Station, a service accessible to users of America Online.^[14] The Tokyopop English-language manga went out of print on May 2, 2005.^[15]Del Rey Manga later acquired the rights to the series,^[16] and published eight volumes following the kanzenban release. Kodansha Comics later republished the volumes in North America between 2011 and 2012. Two tribute manga volumes (Neo Parasyte m and Neo Parasyte f) collecting short stories by various authors vere published in 2015 and 2016 (2016 and 2017 in English).

Live-action films[edit]

Hollywood's New Line Cinema had acquired the film rights to Parasyte in 2005,^[17] and a film adaptation was reported to be in the works, with Jim Henson Studios and Don Murphy allegedly in charge of production.^[18] New Line Cinema's option expired in 2013, prompting a bidding war in Japan. Film studio and distributor Toho won the rights, and decided to adapt the manga into a two-part live-action film series directed by Takashi Yamazaki. The first part, Parasyte: Part 1, was released in November 2014 and the second part, Parasyte: Part 2, was released in April 2015.^[19]

Anime[edit]

An anime television series adaptation by Madhouse titled Parasyte -the maxim- (寄生獣 セイの格率Kiseijū Sei no Kakuritsu) aired in Japan on NTV between October 9, 2014 and March 26, 2015.^[20] The series follows Shinichi Izumi, a high school boy whose right hand becomes possessed by an alien Parasite named Migi, finding himself in a battle against other Parasites who feast on other humans. The series was simulcast by Crunchyroll outside of Asia and by Animax Asia in Southeast Asia and South Asia.^[21][22][23]Sentai Filmworks has licensed the anime for North America, South America, United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand release.^[24] UK Distributor Animatsu Entertainment will release the series in the UK.^[25] In Australia and New Zealand, Hanabee has acquired the series and will release it within the region.^[26] The opening theme song is 'Let Me Hear' performed by Fear, and loathing in Las Vegas. The ending theme is 'It's the Right Time' performed by Daichi Miura. At Anime Expo 2015, Sentai Filmworks announced that the anime would run on Adult Swim's Toonami block on October 3, 2015.^[27][28] The English dub, provided and distributed by Sentai Filmworks, has been released on DVD and Blu-ray in two parts, with Part 1 (Episodes 1–12) on April 5, 2016 and Part 2 (Episodes 13–24) on July 5, 2016.

Reception[edit]

The series won the Kodansha Manga Award for general manga in 1993. It also won the Seiun Award for being the best manga of the year in 1996.^[29] The live action film Parasyte: Part 1 had grossed around ¥800 million at the Japanese box office after two weeks.^[30]

China ban[edit]

On June 12, 2015, the Chinese Ministry of Culture listed Parasyte among 38 anime and manga titles banned in China.^[31]

References[edit]

Parasite Games Online

1. ^Debruge, Peter (November 1, 2014). 'Film Review: 'Parasyte: Part 1''. Variety. Retrieved April 1, 2015.
2. ^Bush, Laurence (2001). Asian Horror Encyclopedia: Asian Horror Culture in Literature, Manga, and Folklore. iUniverse. p. 85. ISBN9781469715032.
3. ^'Parasyte -the maxim-'. Sentai Filmworks. Retrieved May 27, 2018.
4. ^'Hitoshi Iwaaki's Parasyte Sci-Fi Manga Also Gets TV Anime'. Anime News Network. November 19, 2013. Retrieved November 19, 2013.
5. ^ ^abcdefg'Brittney Karbowski, Adam Gibbs Star in Parasyte English Dub Cast'. Anime News Network. October 2, 2015.
6. ^ ^abIwaaki, Hitoshi (translated by Andrew Cunningham). Parasyte Volume 5. Del Rey Manga. P. 181
7. ^'Parasyte's Migi Gets Its Sound Effects From A Beatboxing Teenage Girl.' Anime News Network. October 16, 2014. Retrieved on November 21, 2014.
8. ^Iwaaki, Hitoshi (translated by Andrew Cunningham). Parasyte Volume 5. Del Rey Manga. P. 42
9. ^ ^abIwaaki, Hitoshi (translated by Andrew Cunningham). Parasyte Volume 5. Del Rey Manga. P. 290
10. ^'Parasyte: Character Info.' Tokyopop. February 26, 2003. Retrieved on June 6, 2009.
11. ^'Parasyte: Volume 9'. Tokyopop. Archived from the original on February 26, 2003. Retrieved June 6, 2009.
12. ^Iwaaki, Hitoshi (translated by Andrew Cunningham). Parasyte Volume 5. Del Rey Manga. P. 288
13. ^ ^abIwaaki, Hitoshi (May 2007). Parasyte Vol. 1. Del Rey Manga. p. 275. ISBN978-0-345-49624-9.
14. ^'Mixx Entertainment Collaborations with Central Park Media to Publisher Sailor Moon and Parasyte Comics in the Japanimation Station Section of America Online (AOL)'. Mixx Entertainment. October 22, 1999. Archived from the original on October 29, 2000. Retrieved August 21, 2011.
15. ^'Tokyopop Inc. Out of Print Title'. Tokyopop. Archived from the original on May 12, 2009. Retrieved June 27, 2011.
16. ^'Comic-Con News Wrap'. Anime News Network. July 24, 2006. Retrieved December 18, 2007.
17. ^'Horror manga 'Parasyte' gets movie, anime television adaptation'. Asahi Shimbun. 28 November 2013. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
18. ^'Jim Henson Studios to produce Parasyte'. Anime News Network. September 20, 2005. Retrieved November 19, 2013.
19. ^'Hitoshi Iwaaki's Parasyte Sci-Fi Manga Gets 2 Live-Action Films in 2014–2015'. Anime News Network. November 19, 2013. Retrieved November 19, 2013.
20. ^'寄生獣 セイの格率'. Media Arts Database (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved July 20, 2016.
21. ^'Animax Asia Will Simulcast Parasyte -the maxim- TV Anime'. Anime News Network. 2014-10-04. Retrieved 2014-10-09.
22. ^'Parasyte -the maxim-'. allevents.in.
23. ^'Crunchyroll to Stream 'Parasyte -the maxim-' Anime'. Crunchyroll. 2014-10-07. Retrieved 2014-10-09.
24. ^'Sentai Filmworks Licenses Parasyte -the Maxim-'. Anime News Network. Retrieved 2015-03-06.
25. ^'MCM Expo Announcements Parasyte, Sidonia, Madoka Movies, Aldnoah.Zero'. Anime News Network. May 23, 2015. Retrieved October 2, 2015.
26. ^'Hanabee Acquires 'Parasyte' Anime Series'. The Fandom Post. Retrieved 2016-04-12.
27. ^'Ad at Anime Expo: Parasye the Maxim to Air on Toonami This Fall'. Anime News Network. Retrieved 2015-07-02.
28. ^'Toonami'. toonami.tumblr.com.
29. ^'List of Seiun Award Winners' (in Japanese). Seiun Award. Retrieved October 4, 2014.
30. ^Ma, Kevin (10 December 2014). 'Naruto overtakes Parasyte at Japan box office'. Film Business Asia. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
31. ^'China bans 38 anime & manga titles including Attack on Titan'. Special Broadcasting Service. 2015-06-12. Retrieved 2018-08-31.

External links[edit]

• Official manga website at Afternoon(in Japanese)
• Official anime website(in Japanese)
• Official film website(in Japanese)
• Parasyte (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia
• Parasyte -the maxim- (anime) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia